Why We Sleep

WHY WE SLEEP The Functions of Sleep in Humans and Other Mammals J. A. Horne Published by Oxford University Press 1988 Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1. 1Early Sleep Theories 1. 2Daily Sleep and Wakefulness 1. 3Measuring Sleep References CHAPTER 2 Sleep Deprivation 2. 1Problems with Animal Experiments 2. 2Recent Animal Experiments 2. 3Some Problems with Human Experiments 2. 41896 †The First Real Sleep Deprivation Experiment on Humans 2. 5The Longest Study †264 hours Without Sleep 2. 6Abnormal Behavior 2. 7The Longest Study With More than One Subject †205 hours 2. The Walter Reed Experiments 2. 9Motivation and Cerebral Impairment 2. 10Tasks Sensitive to Sleep Deprivation 2. 11Higher Levels of Cerebral Function 2. 12Spare Cerebral Capacity 2. 13Performance Measures Are Too Limited 2. 14Two Types of Sleepiness ? 2. 15Short-Term Sleep Restriction 2. 16Age and Sleep Deprivation 2. 17Does Repeated Deprivation Produce Immunity to Sleep Loss ? 2. 18Can Sleep Deprivation Effect s be Sped Up or Slowed Down ? 2. 19Do Long and Short Sleepers Differ in Their Recovery Sleep ? 2. 20Epilepsy 2. 21Other Effects On the Human EEGReferences CHAPTER 3 Physiological Effects of Sleep Deprivation 3. 1The First Major Physiological Study †Kleitman, 1923 3. 2The Next Fifty Years 3. 3Body Restitution and Sleep 3. 4Effects on Exercise 3. 5The Control of Body Temperature (Thermoregulation) 3. 6Other Aspects of Homeostasis 3. 7Update on Hormone Changes 3. 8The Immune System 3. 9Conclusions about Sleep Deprivation in Humans References CHAPTER 4 Body Restitution and Sleep 4. 1Tissue Restitution : Protein Turnover and Cell Division 4. 2Factors Influencing Protein Turnover and the Cell Cycle 4. Taking care of and Protein Turnover 4. 4Mitosis, Sleep and Physical Activity 4. 5Metabolism During Sleep and the Energy Cost of Restitution 4. 6Cell Energy Charge and Sleep 4. 7Human Growth Hormone Release During Sleep 4. 8Other Hormonal Changes During Human Sleep 4. 9Thyroid Activity a nd Sleep †Body Versus Brain Restitution 4. 10The Effects of Exercise on Sleep †Background 4. 11Is Body Heating the Key ? 4. 12Conclusions References CHAPTER 5 Waking Awareness, Subsequent Sleep, and Cerebral â€Å"Restitution† 5. 1Background 5. 2Influences of Wakefulness on Subsequent Sleep 5. SWS Changes throughout the Night, and â€Å"Models† of SWS 5. 4Brain Work During Wakefulness 5. 5Increased Awareness during Wakefulness and Subsequent Sleep 5. 6Reduced Sensory Stimulation during Wakefulness 5. 7SWS Reductions in Psychiatric Disorders 5. 8SWS and Aging 5. 9SWS Deprivation 5. 10Brain and Behavior During SWS 5. 11Cerebral Restitution During SWS ? 5. 12Sleep â€Å"Substances† and Immunoen hancement 5. 13Conclusions References CHAPTER 6 Core and Optional Sleep 6. 1Introduction 6. 2Natural Long and Short Sleepers among Humans 6. 3Can the Normal Sleeper Adapt to Less Sleep ? . 4Sleep Extension 6. 5Are We Chronically Sleep Deprived ? 6. 6The Circadian T iming of Sleep 6. 7Abnormalities in the Timing of Sleep 6. 8Insomnia 6. 9Stage 2 Sleep 6. 10Conclusions References CHAPTER 7 Sleep in Other Mammals 7. 1Dolphins 7. 2Laboratory versus Normal Habitats 7. 3Statistical Analyses of Mammalian Sleep 7. 4Sleep †the Immobilizer and Energy Conserver for Small Mammals 7. 5More Energy sparing if Sleep forms into a Torpor 7. 6Night versus Day Sleeping Mammals 7. 7Food, Feeding Behavior and Cerebral Development 7. 8Encephalisation 7. 9Conclusions so Far 7. 0Infancy References CHAPTER 8 REM Sleep 8. 1Perspectives on Dreaming 8. 2Memory, Homeostatic, Sentinel, and Motivational Theories 8. 3Abundance of REM Sleep in Early Life †The Ontogenetic Hypothesis 8. 4Sleep After Increased Learning 8. 5REM Sleep Deprivation in Animals †Background 8. 6REM Sleep Deprivation, Learning and Drive Behavior 8. 7REM Sleep Deprivation in Humans 8. 8Brain Protein Synthesis and Related Findings 8. 9Conclusions so Far 8. 10Similarities between REM Sleep an d Wakefulness 8. 11Keeping Cool 8. 12Keeping Warm 8. 13Increased Heat Production without Shivering . 14Thermoregulation in REM Sleep Reverts to the Fetal Level 8. 15Conclusions About REM Sleep References Epilog Why Do We Sleep ? Section 1 INTRODUCTION This is a book about the motivation behind rest in warm blooded animals, especially in people. My methodology has been to take an expansive organic point of view, taking a gander at rest according to the regular ways of life and conduct of well evolved creatures, and making what I trust is a progression of educated conclusions about what rest intends to them, and particularly to us. Obviously, I don't have the response to why we rest, as an excessive amount of is still unknown.What I have endeavored to do is gather up numerous misguided judgments and attempt and understand what is left. This book isn't intended to be a far reaching text on rest, however a particular and individual record giving a few speculations about an assortment of viewpoints on rest. A considerable lot of my decisions may well end up being incorrectly, as that is the method of most speculations. Notwithstanding, I trust that before they bomb they end up being useful in invigorating different thoughts. I have attempted to make the book coherent, and present my case inside a spreading out anecdote about sleep.Technicalities have been kept to a base, in spite of the fact that on occasion, and of need, it broadly expounds. At every possible opportunity, I have attempted to make it reasonable, as the book is pointed at rest scientists, however at a readership having to a greater extent a passing enthusiasm for rest, with just an essential foundation in science and brain science. Little inclusion is given to the mind's neurophysiological and neurochemical systems directing rest. While they help clarify how rest happens, the principal inquiries concerning what they are doing there in any case, that is the capacity of rest, despite everything must b e answered.Besides, there are as of now magnificent writings depicting these systems (e. g. ref. 1). Numerous individuals feel that, in spite of fifty years of exploration, everything we can finish up about the capacity of rest is that it defeats tiredness, and that the main dependable finding from lack of sleep tests is that rest misfortune makes us sluggish. Such a melancholy viewpoint has been mostly liable for some rest scientists getting some distance from fundamental exploration to the all the more invigorating field of rest issue. Furthermore, is knowing why we rest such a crucial inquiry all things considered ?Employment possibilities are much better in the zone of rest issue, and there is the fulfillment of having the option to help or fix numerous patients. Various Sleep Disorders Centers have been set up in the United States and Europe in the course of the most recent decade (too bad, not in the UK), and this is by a wide margin the best development zone in rest research. While it could appropriately be contended that rest issue is an unquestionably increasingly advantageous region for rest research, lamentably, similar to the neurophysiological instruments of rest, it despite everything doesn't disclose to us much regarding why we sleep.Certainly, it has given significant data about the neurophysiological systems, and about the relationship among rest and breathing (which isn't generally identified with the capacity of rest either). This is the reason the book contains minimal about rest issue. Once more, there are now a few astounding records accessible (e. g. refs. 2-4). The point of this book is to show that we have not arrived at an impasse in our comprehension about the elements of rest, but instead, that we may have taken a lot for granted.As will be seen, this subject is as yet an obscure and energizing element, with numerous roads still to follow, and there is a lot of work to be finished. Compositions concerning why we rest go back to befo re the times of Aristotle. Most love seat the motivation behind snooze terms of rest and recuperation from the â€Å"wear and tear† of attentiveness. One can't generally contend with this thought as it bodes well, furthermore, we as a whole realize that we feel the â€Å"worse for wear† without rest, thus much better after rest. All things considered it is an unclear thought †what precisely is recouped ?This is as yet an issue for significant discussion, as will be seen all through the book. It is generally imagined that 7 †8 hours rest a night is fundamental. This thought is strengthened from numerous quarters. For instance, by the well known press (â€Å"you must get your excellence sleep†), and by numerous GPs. Asking a patient â€Å"how are you resting ? â€Å", may just be a stock expression for helping the GP to build up compatibility, yet it despite everything underlines the requirement for a â€Å"good night's sleep†. The key indicatio n of insuffient or upset rest is over the top lethargy in the daytime.But numerous light sleepers don't encounter this, and a significant concern is about â€Å"not getting enough sleep†, and what may befall their wellbeing as a result. Be that as it may, we likely don't generally require the most recent couple of hours of an average night's rest, and rest misfortune is far less unsafe than most would might suspect. The majority of the hypotheses about the capacity of rest focus on dreams or dreaming rest, these days called â€Å"rapid eye movement† rest (REM rest). Barely any glance at the rest of the rest. Numerous individuals accept that we just rest to dream or having REM sleep.Clearly, dreams are the most charming and noticable piece of rest, yet the significance of this rest is presumably overran ted. As will be seen, a huge bit of REM rest is nonessential, without sick impact. REM rest just possesses around one fourth of our daily rest, and to call the remainder of rest â€Å"non-REM† rest, by portraying it as far as a nonappearance of REM rest, degrades most of rest, yet neglects what may losely be depicted as the â€Å"deeper† part of non-REM rest, called â€Å"slow wave sleep† (SWS) in humans.This type of rest may well end up being the most vital for us. In any case, in spite of the way that nobody truly recognizes what REM rest does, or whether it is â€Å"good† for us

Case Study of the YTL Corporation Berhad

Contextual analysis of the YTL Corporation Berhad YTL Corporation Berhad is probably the biggest organization recorded on the Bursa Malaysia, and along with its six recorded elements has a joined Market Capitalization of about RM 34.3 million as at 30 September 2010, the organization has an all out resource of over RM45 billion. The significant business does by YTL Corporation included force age, development contracting, property advancement, inn improvement and the executives, concrete assembling, flexibly of water, treatment and removal of waste water, and hatching and warning administrations for web organizations. [ Francis Yeoh, YTL Corporation Berhad ] Items and Services YTL Cement Berhad supplies concrete items and solid items, quarry items and arrangement of related administrations to the developments division. YTL Cement is Malaysias biggest maker of prepared blended concrete, through its auxiliary Buildcon Concrete Sdn Bhd C.I Readymix Sdn Bhd. The organization at present works more than 50 bunching plants all through Peninsular Malaysia. [ Mr. TG TAN, YTL Cement Berhad ] YTL Cement Berhad is likewise the second biggest concrete plant in Malaysia, with concrete creation limit of 1.2 million tons for every annum in Pahang; 3.4 million tons for every annum in Perak; and a Clinker and Blast Furnace Slag Grinding Plants at Westport, Klang, and Pasir Gudang, Johor, every one of 500,000 m/t per annum limit. [ YTL Cement Berhad ] YTL Corporation likewise have a heaps of lavish lodging in various nation. Furthermore, YTL Corporation likewise completes property improvement exercises. YTL has developed amazing and high caliber of structures, for example, t ownhouses with alluring and imaginative plans. Channels of appropriation This is characterized as a transitional chain; each chain is passed down to the following associations item, that we at long last arrive at the buyer or end client. This procedure is known as the dissemination chain or channel. Beginning from the earliest starting point, the YTL Company has just supplies the concrete assembling to the whole purchaser. At the point when the YTL Company recovers the benefit, they have enough capital, and afterward the organization begins to grow their business structure. They begin to gracefully age, development contracting, property advancement, inn improvement and the board, concrete assembling, flexibly of water, treatment and removal of waste water, and brooding and warning administrations for web organizations. [ Francis Yeoh, YTL Corporation Berhad ] They offer this item to Tenaga National Berhad(TNB), lodging, building industry, home improvement shop and client. This can keep their items available stream and perceivability. Level of Technology Used YTL Cement is the biggest prepared blended solid organization in Malaysia, with more than 500 blenders. YTL Cement claims more than 70 clustering plants and an armada of 700 concrete trucks, working all through Malaysia. [ YTL Corporation Berhad ] YTL Corporation attempts IT and web based business innovation in their business. Association Structure YTL Corporation is overseen by an accomplished Board with a wide and differed scope of mastery. This expansive loaded with abilities and experience can guarantee that the YTL Corporation is under the direction of a responsible and capable Board. The Directors perceive the key job they play in diagramming the vital heading, advancement and control of the YTL Corp Group and have received the six essential duties as recorded in the Code, which encourage the release of the Boards stewardship obligations. The Board presently has thirteen Directors containing nine official individuals and four non-official individuals. The places of the Executive Chairman and the Managing Director are held by discrete individuals from the Board. The Executive Chairman is fundamentally liable for the systematic lead and working of the Board, while the Managing Director regulates the running of the business step by step, usage of Board arrangements and creation of operational choices. The Managing Director a nd the Executive Directors are responsible to the Board for the beneficial activity and improvement of the YTL Corporation, predictable with the essential point of upgrading long haul investor esteem. The nearness of Independent Non-Executive Directors carries an extra component of parity to the Board and these Independent Non-Executive Directors have the experience to convey adequate load in the Boards choices. The contrasting jobs of Executive and Non-Executive Directors are depicted, both having trustee obligations towards the investors of the organization. Official Directors have an immediate obligation regarding business activities while Non-Executive Directors have the fundamental aptitude and experience to offer an autonomous judgment as a powerful influence for issues of methodology, execution and assets brought before the Board. The Executive Directors are answerable for the YTL Corporation tasks and for guaranteeing that systems proposed by the executives are completely ta lked about and inspected, and assess the drawn out interests of investors, representatives, clients, providers and the numerous networks in which the YTL Corporation leads its business. Strategic YTL Company crucial to procure exceptional yields by putting resources into high development, information serious organizations that influence on new advancements and afterward upgrade the estimation of these ventures by utilizing its inward and outside assets. It expects to be a supplier of savvy capital, which incorporates monetary capital just as genuine information capital, to dispose of a large number of the dangers related with new innovation speculations, be they specialized, budgetary or operational. [ YTL e-Solutions Berhad ] Qualities The qualities of YTL Company are when at a restricted assets period time, YTL Company can gracefully the sum amount of items to client. This is on the grounds that when that time building start work meet up numerous way and afterward make the assets lesser, around then YTL Company got spot to store the assets and flexibly to each client. Shortcomings The shortcoming of the YTL Company is partitioned into numerous piece of big business improvement, so by the controlling possibly have some little error. Like when a spot for create, numerous laborer are bringing to after some time the work and will give additional reward, however the way is a portion of the specialist need to set aside more the cash send back to their family, with the goal that them eat less of food when the working time, and whenever got any after some time chances them will battle of it. This issue makes them will over pressure their body and insufficient time for rest and this will reason for any hazardous mishap. Development The principal organization to bring turnkey development into Malaysia. The primary Malaysian organization to utilize non-asset neighborhood financing to back a fast rail venture. The primary Asian organization to give a Zero-Coupon Euro-bond. First Independent Power Producer in Malaysia. The first non-Japanese Asian organization to list on the Tokyo Exchange in year 1996. Grants YTL is one of Malaysias best oversaw organizations; YTL Corporation has won various honors and come out tops in various studies throughout the years, including grants structure The Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia Week, CIO Asia and numerous others grants. YTL Corporations latest awards originated from Finance Asia magazine, when it was featured under the classes Most Committed to Corporate Governance. Best Financial Management and Best Managed Company. Arranging Arranging can best be characterized as looking forward and chalking out future strategies to be followed. It is a preliminary advance. It is an orderly movement which decides when, how and who will play out a particular activity. Arranging is a point by point program with respect to future strategies. It is appropriately said Well arrangement is half done. Hence arranging thinks about accessible and imminent human and physical assets of the association in order to get compelling coordination, commitment and flawless modification. It is the fundamental administration work which incorporates definition of at least one nitty gritty designs to accomplish ideal parity of requirements or requests with the accessible assets. [ Ads by Google ] Somebody has said previously, Planning is a psychological inclination to get things done in precise manner, to think before acting and to act in the light of realities instead of conjectures. Arranging is choosing best option among others to perform distinctive administrative capacities so as to accomplish foreordained objectives. [ Ads by Google ] Arranging is choosing ahead of time on what to do, how to do and who to do it. Arranging span covers the hole between where we need to go. It causes potential things to happen which would not in any case happen. In todays exceptionally serious business condition, financial plan arranged arranging or estimate based arranging strategies are deficient for a huge organization to endure and flourish. The firm should take part in key arranging that unmistakably characterizes destinations and surveys both the inner and outer circumstance to detail methodology, actualize the system, assess the advancement, and make alterations where important to remain on target. [ Bradford, Robert W., Duncan, Peter J., Tarcy, Brian ] YTL Corporations system of offering World Class Products and Services at Competitive Prices reaches out over the scope of its business exercises, and is maybe the absolute most significant factor supporting its prosperity today in upgrading investor esteem. That is on the grounds that YTL Corporation utilizing the correct method of the technique arranging process. An improved vital arranging process is appeared by the accompanying graph: This procedure is generally appropriate to key administration at the specialty unit level of the association. For huge companies, system at the corporate level is generally worried about dealing with an arrangement of business. For instance, corporate level technique includes choices about which specialty units are to develop, asset distribution among the specialty units, exploiting collaborations among the specialty unit

Writing Contests Still Open in the Summer

Writing Contests Still Open in the Summer If youre looking for a writing contest to enter but have missed most of the spring deadlines, youre in luck! There are still several contests open for submission throughout the summer for writers seeking to compete with their best work. Below are some of the best weve found:The Tamaqua Award for a Collection of EssaysDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $22.00 USDThe Tamaqua Award for a Collection of Essays is offered by Hidden River Arts and Hidden River Press, with the winner receiving $1,000. Hidden River Arts is an independent literary and performing arts organization based in Philadelphia that is dedicated to the service, support and celebration of all artists but seeks to serve the outsider artist. Prior publication is acceptable, as long as the journal or magazine it was published it does not own exclusive rights.This contest is international, but all entries must be in English. The editors accept simultaneous submissions but request that the author notify them if your work has been chosen to be published in another publication. To submit your original essays to this writing contest, youll need to complete an online application. Your submission must include your name, address, telephone number, email, website (if you have one), a brief biography, outline, full synopsis and full manuscript. According to the submission guidelines and disclosures, all awards are determined by Hidden River staff and winners (semi-finalists and finalists) will be announced on the Hidden River Arts blog.The Alcott Award for Young Adult FictionDeadline: October 15, 2018Entry Fee: NoneHidden River Arts and Hidden River Press also offer The Alcott Award, which is in its inaugural year in 2018. The winner will receive $1,000 and publication by Many Frog Press, an imprint of Hidden River Publishing. Writers should submit an unpublished, book-length work of Young Adult fiction featuring at least one strong female lead character. This competition is open to international submission s for all writers in English.All submissions must be made online and include name, address, telephone number, email, website (if you have one), a brief biography, outline, full synopsis and full manuscript. The contest disclosure states that simultaneous submissions are accepted and that all submissions will be considered for publication by Hidden River Publishing.Dzanc Books Nonfiction PrizeDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThis contest is awarded annually and is open for submissions this year from March 1st, 2018 through September 30th, 2018. The Dzanc Books Nonfiction contest seeks book-length works of nonfiction, including memoirs, essays, polemical writing, historical writing, and biography. The winning submission will receive an advance of $1,500 and publication in Fall 2019. The winner and finalists will be announced on November 15th.Dzanc Books Short Story Collection CompetitionDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThe Dzanc Books Short Story Collec tion Prize is for a book-length collection of short stories. This years contest will be judged by Emily Geminder, whose collection Dead Girls and Other Stories won the prize in 2016. The winner of this years competition be awarded a $2,500 advance and publication in Fall 2019 by Dzanc Books. The competitions rules state that it is open to new or established writers, as well as agented submissions. All submissions, however, must be previously unpublished. The winner and finalists will be announced on November 15th.Dzanc Books Prize for FictionDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThe Dzanc Books Prize for Fiction prides itself on recognizing daring, original, and innovative novels. The winner of this competition will receive a $5,000 advance and publication in Fall 2019 by Dzanc Books. For 2018, the judges will be: John Domini (Movieola! and The Sea-Gods Herb), Peter Stenson (Thirty-Seven), and Alice Hatcher, author of The Wonder That Was Ours, which was chosen as last yea rs winner.Whether you are a new, upcoming, agented, un-agented, or established writer, this contest is open for you to submit. The only requirement is that all works must be previously unpublished novel-length manuscripts and should include a brief synopsis, author bio, and contact information. Also, the contest judges as that you format your manuscript as a Word .doc or .docx file.The contest is open for submissions from March 1st, 2018 through midnight on September 30th, 2018, with finalist announced on the Dzanc web page on November 15th.ExOphidia Press Third Annual Poetry PrizeDeadline: August 31, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThe Third Annual Poetry Prize, offered by ExOphidia Press, is open to all English language authors who have a poetry book manuscript. Authors should submit a manuscript between 64 and 84 numbered pages, including the title page and the Table of Contents, and the manuscript should be single-spaced and a Word document. You should not include any illustrations or graphics, nor include your name anywhere within the manuscript. Manuscripts are accepted via Submittable and will be judged by Richard-Gabriel Rummonds, an internationally acclaimed author of 14 books and a former handpress printer.The Booksie 2018 Poetry ContestDeadline: September 30, 2018Entry Fee: $6.95 USDIf you think you should be crowned Poet Laureate of 2018, heres your opportunity (in Booksies world, at least). In addition to being crowned Booksie Gold Poet Laureate, the winner of The Booksie 2018 Poetry Contest will receive a $1,000 cash award, a Gold winner badge for their website, and one free week of boosts for their winning story (boosting features the story in front of Booksies millions of monthly readers). Additionally, two runner-ups will receive a cash prize of $150, a Silver winner badge for their website, and One week of boosts. Booksie is accepting poetry of any type, length or content, as long as its absolutely original. According to the website, theyre looking for everything from serious to whimsical, fact to fiction, and anything that strikes a chord with readers. Poets can submit as many entries as theyd like and judging will be done in rounds, with six finalists selected (five selected from the editorial team and a sixth selected by Booksie readers).The 2018 Quill Prose AwardDeadline: April 1 â€" August 31, 2018Entry Fee: $10.00 USDThe 2018 Quill Prose Award recipient will be awarded $1,000 and book publication through Red Hen Press, a small press committed to publishing works of literary excellence, supporting diversity, and promoting literacy in local schools. Submissions must be 150+ pages of prose written by a queer writer and will be Judged by David Francis. Past winners include 2017s The Falls of the Wyona by David Brendan Hopes and 2016s Scissors, Paper, Stone by Martha K. Davis.Wheelbarrow Books Poetry PrizeDeadline: October 1, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDThe RCAH Center for Poetry at Michigan State University, in cooperation with the MSU Press, is accepting submissions for The 2018 Wheelbarrow Books Poetry Prize. A $1,000 award will be granted to the winner, in addition to publication in Spring 2020 under the Wheelbarrow Books imprint. This biannual poetry contest awards $1,000 and book publication to one established poet and one new poet annually. Submissions are now open to authors of at least one full-length collection of poetry.The FC2 Ronald Sukenick Innovative Fiction ContestDeadline: November 1, 2018Entry Fee: $25.00 USDIf you have not previously published, The FC2 Ronald Sukenick Innovative Fiction Contest is open to you through Fiction Collective Two. Manuscripts may include a collection of short stories, one or more novellas, or a novel of any length, even if it has been published in another magazine or anthology. Your manuscript must be anonymously submitted, and your name or address cannot appear anywhere on the manuscript. Pages should be numbered consecutively and all files should be uploaded as a MS Word document or PDF. Judges include: Jeffrey DeShell, Michael Mejia, Lance Olsen, Matthew Roberson, Joanna Ruocco, and Elisabeth Sheffield.Catherine Doctorow Innovative Fiction PrizeDeadline: November 1, 2018.Entry Fee: $25.00 USDIf you are a more established writer and have had at least three books of fiction published, this is the writing contest for you. The FC2 Catherine Doctorow Innovative Fiction Prize requires three previously published novels and submissions that may include a collection of short stories, one or more novellas, or a novel of any length. Manuscripts must be anonymously submitted, and the title page should contain the title of the manuscript only. Pages should be numbered consecutively. Files should be uploaded as a MS Word document or PDF. The winner, who will be announced in May 2019, will receive a $15,000 prize and and publication by FC2, an imprint of the University of Alabama Press. You dont have to worry about length as there is no requirement a nd if your work has previously been published (either self-published or otherwise), it will also be considered. Judges are Jeffrey DeShell, Noy Holland, Lance Olsen, Michael Mejia, Matthew Roberson, Joanna Ruocco, and Elisabeth Sheffield.

Banned Books History and Quotes

Books are banned for any number of reasons. Whether the controversial content they contain has been found offensive on political, religious, sexual, or other grounds, they are removed from libraries, bookstores, and  classrooms in an effort to keep the public from being harmed by ideas, information, or language that does not conform to societal norms. In America, those who champion the Constitution and The Bill of Rights consider book banning a form of censorship, arguing that its very nature directly contradicts the First Amendment right to free speech. The History of Banned Books In the past, banned books were routinely burned. Their authors were often unable to publish their work, and in the worst-case scenario they were ostracized from society, jailed, exiled—and even threatened with death. Likewise, during certain periods of history and even today in places of extremist political or religious regimes, possessing banned books or other written material may be regarded as an act of treason or heresy, punishable by death, torture, prison, and other forms of retribution. Perhaps the best-known case of recent state-sponsored censorship in its most extreme form was the 1989 fatwa  issued by Irans Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini calling for the death of author Salman Rushdie in response to his novel, The Satanic Verses, which was deemed an abomination against Islam. While the death order against Rushdie has since been lifted, in July of 1991, Hitoshi Igarashi, a 44-year-old an assistant professor of comparative culture at Tsukuba University who was translating the book into Japanese, was murdered. Earlier that year, another translator, Ettore Capriolo, 61, was stabbed in his apartment in Milan. (Capriolo survived the attack.) But book banning—and burning—is nothing new. In China, the Qin dynasty  (221–206  BCE) was ushered in with a massive book burning during which most of the original copies of the classic works of Confucious were destroyed. When the Han dynasty  (206  BCE—220 CE) took power, Confucious came back into favor. His works were subsequently recreated by scholars who had memorized them in their entirety—which is likely the reason so many versions currently exist. Nazi Book Burning The most infamous book burning in the 20th century took place in the 1930s as the Nazi party, led by Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany. On May 10, 1933, university students burned more than 25,000 books in Berlin’s Opera Square that did not align with Nazi ideals. College students from universities across Germany followed suit. Both public and university libraries were ransacked. The books taken were used to fuel huge bonfires that were often accompanied by marshal music and â€Å"fire oaths† denouncing anyone whose thoughts, lifestyle, or beliefs were deemed â€Å"un-German.† It was the beginning of a period of extreme state-sponsored censorship and cultural control. The goal of the Nazis was to purify German literature by ridding it of foreign influences or anything that spoke against their belief in German racial superiority. Writings of intellectuals, especially those of Jewish origin, were targeted. One American author whose works met the same fate was  Helen Keller, a deaf/blind human rights activist who was also a devout socialist. Her writing, as exemplified by the 1913 publication,  Out of the Dark: Essays, Letters, and Addresses on Physical and Social Vision, championed the disabled and advocated for pacifism, better conditions for industrial workers, and voting rights for women. Kellers collection of essays titled How I Became a Socialist (Wie ich Sozialistin wurde) was among the works the Nazis burned. Quotes on Censorship â€Å"You may burn my books and the books of the best minds in Europe, but the ideas those books contain have passed through millions of channels and will go on.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Helen Keller from her  Open Letter to German Students   â€Å"Because all books are forbidden when a country turns to terror. The scaffolds on the corners, the list of things you may not read. These things always go together.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Philippa Gregory from  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Queens Fool† â€Å"I hate it that Americans are taught to fear some books and some ideas as though they were diseases.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Kurt Vonnegut â€Å"The important task of literature is to free man, not to censor him, and that is why Puritanism was the most destructive and evil force which ever oppressed people and their literature: it created hypocrisy, perversion, fears, sterility.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Anaà ¯s Nin from  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Diary of Anaà ¯s Nin: Volume 4† â€Å"If this nation is to be wise as well as strong, if we are to achieve our destiny, then we need more new ideas for more wise men reading more good books in more public libraries. These libraries should be open to all—except the censor. We must know all the facts and hear all the alternatives and listen to all the criticisms. Let us welcome controversial books and controversial authors. For the Bill of Rights is the guardian of our security as well as our liberty.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢President John F. Kennedy â€Å"What is freedom of expression? Without the freedom to offend, it ceases to exist.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Salman Rushdie The Definitive Book on Book Burning Ray Bradburys 1953 dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 offers a chilling look at an American society in which books are outlawed and any found are incinerated. (The title refers to the temperature at which paper ignites.) Ironically, Fahrenheit 451 has found itself on several banned books lists. â€Å"A book is a loaded gun in the house next door...Who knows who might be the target of the well-read man?†Ã¢â‚¬â€From Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury The Book Banning Pendulum Swings Both Ways Books that have a history of having been banned, even those now restored to the so-called canon of respectable reading, are still considered banned books from a historical perspective. By discussing the machinations behind the banning of such books in the context of the time and place in which they were banned, we gain insight into the rules and mores of the society responsible for the censorship. Many books considered tame by todays standards—including Aldous Huxleys Brave New World and James Joyces Ulysses—were once hotly debated works of literature. On the flip side, classic books such as Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn have recently come under fire for cultural viewpoints and/or language that was accepted at the time of publication but is longer deemed socially or politically correct. Even works by Dr. Seuss (a vocal anti-fascist) and acclaimed childrens author Maurice Sendak, along with L. Frank Baums The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, have been banned or challenged at one time or another. Currently, in some conservative communities, theres a push to ban J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter series books, which detractors claim are guilty of promoting anti-Christian values and violence. Keeping the Banned Book Discussion Alive Launched in 1982, Banned Books Week, an annual end-of-September event sponsored by the American Library Association and Amnesty International, focuses on books that are currently being challenged as well as those that have been banned in the past and highlights the struggles of writers whose works fall outside some of societys norms. According to its organizers, this weeklong celebration of controversial reading stresses the importance of ensuring the availability of those unorthodox or unpopular viewpoints to all who wish to read them. As society evolves, so does the perception of what literature is deemed appropriate reading. Of course, just because a book has been banned or challenged in some parts of the United States doesnt mean the ban is nationwide. While Amnesty International has cited only a few writers from China, Eritrea, Iran, Myanmar, and Saudi Arabia who have been persecuted for their writings, for those who consider reading a human right, its important to keep abreast of incidents of book banning around the world. Sources Helen Keller Writes a Letter to Nazi Students Before They Burn Her Book: History Has Taught You Nothing If You Think You Can Kill Ideas’†. OpenSource. May 16, 2007Weisman, Steven R. Japanese Translator of Rushdie Book Found Slain. The New York Times. July 13, 1991

Job Description Of An Accounting System - 885 Words

Job Description An Accounting Systems Auditor examines accounting records and management systems to assess their efficiency and determine whether they are working as expected or not. The role of an Accounting Systems Auditor entails meeting auditees to cultivate a good set-up for auditing and to help them understand business processes. They collect information and documents from staff and clients and research on how to implement the best systems for the company. They also research and document the efficiency of risk management systems in business, facilitating staff and managers to learn the working of the systems. They conduct a risk assessment and report the results, which they in turn use to come up with policies to manage any†¦show more content†¦The average local rate, therefore, can be put at averagely 55,000 USD for entry level jobs (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). This amount is expected to increase steadily based on experience. Informational Interview The informational interview was conducted by Adrianna Ion, the Accounting Systems Manager and consultant at Hilltop Advisors. As an Accounting Systems Manager, she prepares financial statements and compiles balance sheets, works with auditors in managing the auditing. She also monitors the company’s finance reports to ensure that they are accurate. Adrianna is also in charge of the company systems, ensuring their efficiency. The work environment is full of stressful, tense moments, strict deadlines and sometimes very long working hours. The work requires attention to detail and excellent reporting skills beside the technical know-how. Ms. Ion holds a business degree from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. She has also attained her MBA and is a registered member of the accounting professional bodies. The challenges that come with the job are the peak times for auditing which have so many deliverables and limited time. She advises that students in this field s hould aim at going for further studies and taking examinations to be registered as members of accounting

Blending and Sounding Free Essays

Grapheme-phoneme requires a great deal of sound mimicking from the students, visual and material presentation, as well as word utilization. The teacher should first understand that the alphabet is known to be units which have its own unique sound. Thus, the teacher should clearly establish that there are certain instances wherein sounds in a word constitute more than a single alphabet. We will write a custom essay sample on Blending and Sounding or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, students should clearly identify that speech is composed of a variety of sounds. There are different areas that students need to fully practice to enable themselves to comprehend the concept of graphemes-phonemes and enhance their reading skills. These are (1) awareness of the relationship between sounds and words, (2) understanding the connection of a letter to a sound, (3) utilizing the relationship between letters and phonemes to identify printed words then read and spell them, and (4) understand what is read (Good III, Simmons Smith, 1998). To do this, the teacher should first tell the students that they will be studying a new sound. The teacher should then demonstrate how the new sound is enunciated. The enunciation of the sound to be taught should then be mimicked by the students to establish that the students become fully familiar of the sound. This should be done repeatedly until all the students follow through with the sound enunciation and pronunciation. After the sound has been mimicked and has become familiar by the students, the teacher should then show a visual of the letters comprising the sound. This would make the students identify the sound as a grapheme-phoneme for this specific sound does not consist of a single alphabet but a group of it. To fully make the students understand that there are more than one letter that constitutes this certain sound, the teacher should have some of the students assist in holding separate visuals to make the students aware that the symbols are more than just one. After establishing to the students the information that there is more than just one alphabet that makes up the sound taught, the teacher could further make the students understand on their own that the alphabets being presented are separate by having them enunciate the sound of each letter individually. However, the teacher should have the students know that despite of the individual sounds these separate letters make; it still creates a new sound when combined. Since the students are familiarized with the letter composition of the sound, the teacher should then make the students understand that these sounds are used in words. To do this, the teacher should make use of words that comprises these grapheme-phonemes. He/she could utilize different materials that would help the students identify a word that contains this sound. And ultimately, the students should then become familiar with the word, enunciate it correctly, and understand the word completely. References Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Good III, R. H. Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) with CBM. Early Childhood Research Institute on Measuring Growth and Development. Eugene, OR. The National Strategies, Department for Children, Schools and Families (Producer) Phase 3: Teaching grapheme–phoneme correspondence and practising oral blending. Retrieved from http://nationalstrategies. standards. dcsf. gov. uk/node/85419 February 17, 2009. Wren, S. Phoneme Awareness. Developing Research-Based Resources for the Balanced Reading Teacher. Retrieved from http://www. balancedreading. com/phonemeawareness. html February 17, 2008 How to cite Blending and Sounding, Papers

Rhetorical Analysis on Benjamin Bannekers Letter free essay sample

Benjamin Banneker wrote this letter to attempt to make the Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, aware of the oppressive and horrifying nature of the slave trade that Bannekers ancestors had been in for generations. Banneker uses tone, ethos, logos, pathos, syntax, juxtaposition, and scheme to sympathize with Jefferson about former hardships to perhaps reach common ground. The tone of the letter is elevated and sympathetic, the sympathetic tone appealing to the pathos of the reader, in this case Thomas Jefferson and the elevated tone appealing to the ethos of the reader. Banneker appeals to ethos by stating that he too has been through horrifying adversities, as Jefferson has, in trying to achieve freedom and independence. This and the use of elevated diction, aids Banneker in establishing himself as a reliable source. He appeals to logos by quoting exact phrases from reliable sources, including Jeffersons own words in the Declaration of Independence (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis on Benjamin Bannekers Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. We hold these truths to be self-evident ) and Jobs words (i. e. put your souls in their souls instead) to further his point. He appeals to pathos by continuously referring to the trials and hardships that Thomas Jefferson and Americans alike had to face in order to gain their freedom (i. e. the American Revolution and independence from England), while, at the same time, relating those hardships to his own brethrens hardships (i. e. the struggle for emancipation of slaves). Bannekers tone in this passage was elevated, formal, and sympathetic. He used an elevated tone in order to appeal to the higher-class society and educated patriots, such as Thomas Jefferson. Banneker uses elevated diction such as fortitude, abhorrence thereof, thus, and brethren to seem educated and civilized and to set a formal tone. He begins many of his phrases with the word sir which was intended to demonstrate his submission to authority. He uses abstract diction to vivify the true horrors and tribulations faced by slaves and add to the sympathetic tone of the letter. Bannekers use of syntax stands out in this passage. His use of syntax is strong because three of the four paragraphs contain a single sentence perhaps showing that these hardships seemed to have no end, but also to build up anticipation, almost forcing the reader to continue. Banneker also used scheme by juxtaposing the two similar situations that both he and Jefferson faced and elaborating on and comparing each. He achieves this by stating that: Jefferson, along with the rest of America at the time, faced the oppression of the British Crown and a variety of threats; and Bannekers brethren faced similar oppression and injustice from the United States government and supporters of the slave trade. Bannekers main purpose for writing this letter to Thomas Jefferson was to bring to light the adversity and trials of the slave community by juxtaposing the similar hardships faced by the audience he was attempting to appeal to, Thomas Jefferson, using: a formal and sympathetic tone; elevated diction; scheme; and appeals to ethos, logos, and pathos.