Banned Books History and Quotes

Books are banned for any number of reasons. Whether the controversial content they contain has been found offensive on political, religious, sexual, or other grounds, they are removed from libraries, bookstores, and  classrooms in an effort to keep the public from being harmed by ideas, information, or language that does not conform to societal norms. In America, those who champion the Constitution and The Bill of Rights consider book banning a form of censorship, arguing that its very nature directly contradicts the First Amendment right to free speech. The History of Banned Books In the past, banned books were routinely burned. Their authors were often unable to publish their work, and in the worst-case scenario they were ostracized from society, jailed, exiled—and even threatened with death. Likewise, during certain periods of history and even today in places of extremist political or religious regimes, possessing banned books or other written material may be regarded as an act of treason or heresy, punishable by death, torture, prison, and other forms of retribution. Perhaps the best-known case of recent state-sponsored censorship in its most extreme form was the 1989 fatwa  issued by Irans Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini calling for the death of author Salman Rushdie in response to his novel, The Satanic Verses, which was deemed an abomination against Islam. While the death order against Rushdie has since been lifted, in July of 1991, Hitoshi Igarashi, a 44-year-old an assistant professor of comparative culture at Tsukuba University who was translating the book into Japanese, was murdered. Earlier that year, another translator, Ettore Capriolo, 61, was stabbed in his apartment in Milan. (Capriolo survived the attack.) But book banning—and burning—is nothing new. In China, the Qin dynasty  (221–206  BCE) was ushered in with a massive book burning during which most of the original copies of the classic works of Confucious were destroyed. When the Han dynasty  (206  BCE—220 CE) took power, Confucious came back into favor. His works were subsequently recreated by scholars who had memorized them in their entirety—which is likely the reason so many versions currently exist. Nazi Book Burning The most infamous book burning in the 20th century took place in the 1930s as the Nazi party, led by Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany. On May 10, 1933, university students burned more than 25,000 books in Berlin’s Opera Square that did not align with Nazi ideals. College students from universities across Germany followed suit. Both public and university libraries were ransacked. The books taken were used to fuel huge bonfires that were often accompanied by marshal music and â€Å"fire oaths† denouncing anyone whose thoughts, lifestyle, or beliefs were deemed â€Å"un-German.† It was the beginning of a period of extreme state-sponsored censorship and cultural control. The goal of the Nazis was to purify German literature by ridding it of foreign influences or anything that spoke against their belief in German racial superiority. Writings of intellectuals, especially those of Jewish origin, were targeted. One American author whose works met the same fate was  Helen Keller, a deaf/blind human rights activist who was also a devout socialist. Her writing, as exemplified by the 1913 publication,  Out of the Dark: Essays, Letters, and Addresses on Physical and Social Vision, championed the disabled and advocated for pacifism, better conditions for industrial workers, and voting rights for women. Kellers collection of essays titled How I Became a Socialist (Wie ich Sozialistin wurde) was among the works the Nazis burned. Quotes on Censorship â€Å"You may burn my books and the books of the best minds in Europe, but the ideas those books contain have passed through millions of channels and will go on.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Helen Keller from her  Open Letter to German Students   â€Å"Because all books are forbidden when a country turns to terror. The scaffolds on the corners, the list of things you may not read. These things always go together.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Philippa Gregory from  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Queens Fool† â€Å"I hate it that Americans are taught to fear some books and some ideas as though they were diseases.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Kurt Vonnegut â€Å"The important task of literature is to free man, not to censor him, and that is why Puritanism was the most destructive and evil force which ever oppressed people and their literature: it created hypocrisy, perversion, fears, sterility.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Anaà ¯s Nin from  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Diary of Anaà ¯s Nin: Volume 4† â€Å"If this nation is to be wise as well as strong, if we are to achieve our destiny, then we need more new ideas for more wise men reading more good books in more public libraries. These libraries should be open to all—except the censor. We must know all the facts and hear all the alternatives and listen to all the criticisms. Let us welcome controversial books and controversial authors. For the Bill of Rights is the guardian of our security as well as our liberty.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢President John F. Kennedy â€Å"What is freedom of expression? Without the freedom to offend, it ceases to exist.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Salman Rushdie The Definitive Book on Book Burning Ray Bradburys 1953 dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 offers a chilling look at an American society in which books are outlawed and any found are incinerated. (The title refers to the temperature at which paper ignites.) Ironically, Fahrenheit 451 has found itself on several banned books lists. â€Å"A book is a loaded gun in the house next door...Who knows who might be the target of the well-read man?†Ã¢â‚¬â€From Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury The Book Banning Pendulum Swings Both Ways Books that have a history of having been banned, even those now restored to the so-called canon of respectable reading, are still considered banned books from a historical perspective. By discussing the machinations behind the banning of such books in the context of the time and place in which they were banned, we gain insight into the rules and mores of the society responsible for the censorship. Many books considered tame by todays standards—including Aldous Huxleys Brave New World and James Joyces Ulysses—were once hotly debated works of literature. On the flip side, classic books such as Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn have recently come under fire for cultural viewpoints and/or language that was accepted at the time of publication but is longer deemed socially or politically correct. Even works by Dr. Seuss (a vocal anti-fascist) and acclaimed childrens author Maurice Sendak, along with L. Frank Baums The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, have been banned or challenged at one time or another. Currently, in some conservative communities, theres a push to ban J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter series books, which detractors claim are guilty of promoting anti-Christian values and violence. Keeping the Banned Book Discussion Alive Launched in 1982, Banned Books Week, an annual end-of-September event sponsored by the American Library Association and Amnesty International, focuses on books that are currently being challenged as well as those that have been banned in the past and highlights the struggles of writers whose works fall outside some of societys norms. According to its organizers, this weeklong celebration of controversial reading stresses the importance of ensuring the availability of those unorthodox or unpopular viewpoints to all who wish to read them. As society evolves, so does the perception of what literature is deemed appropriate reading. Of course, just because a book has been banned or challenged in some parts of the United States doesnt mean the ban is nationwide. While Amnesty International has cited only a few writers from China, Eritrea, Iran, Myanmar, and Saudi Arabia who have been persecuted for their writings, for those who consider reading a human right, its important to keep abreast of incidents of book banning around the world. Sources Helen Keller Writes a Letter to Nazi Students Before They Burn Her Book: History Has Taught You Nothing If You Think You Can Kill Ideas’†. OpenSource. May 16, 2007Weisman, Steven R. Japanese Translator of Rushdie Book Found Slain. The New York Times. July 13, 1991

Job Description Of An Accounting System - 885 Words

Job Description An Accounting Systems Auditor examines accounting records and management systems to assess their efficiency and determine whether they are working as expected or not. The role of an Accounting Systems Auditor entails meeting auditees to cultivate a good set-up for auditing and to help them understand business processes. They collect information and documents from staff and clients and research on how to implement the best systems for the company. They also research and document the efficiency of risk management systems in business, facilitating staff and managers to learn the working of the systems. They conduct a risk assessment and report the results, which they in turn use to come up with policies to manage any†¦show more content†¦The average local rate, therefore, can be put at averagely 55,000 USD for entry level jobs (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). This amount is expected to increase steadily based on experience. Informational Interview The informational interview was conducted by Adrianna Ion, the Accounting Systems Manager and consultant at Hilltop Advisors. As an Accounting Systems Manager, she prepares financial statements and compiles balance sheets, works with auditors in managing the auditing. She also monitors the company’s finance reports to ensure that they are accurate. Adrianna is also in charge of the company systems, ensuring their efficiency. The work environment is full of stressful, tense moments, strict deadlines and sometimes very long working hours. The work requires attention to detail and excellent reporting skills beside the technical know-how. Ms. Ion holds a business degree from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. She has also attained her MBA and is a registered member of the accounting professional bodies. The challenges that come with the job are the peak times for auditing which have so many deliverables and limited time. She advises that students in this field s hould aim at going for further studies and taking examinations to be registered as members of accounting

Blending and Sounding Free Essays

Grapheme-phoneme requires a great deal of sound mimicking from the students, visual and material presentation, as well as word utilization. The teacher should first understand that the alphabet is known to be units which have its own unique sound. Thus, the teacher should clearly establish that there are certain instances wherein sounds in a word constitute more than a single alphabet. We will write a custom essay sample on Blending and Sounding or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, students should clearly identify that speech is composed of a variety of sounds. There are different areas that students need to fully practice to enable themselves to comprehend the concept of graphemes-phonemes and enhance their reading skills. These are (1) awareness of the relationship between sounds and words, (2) understanding the connection of a letter to a sound, (3) utilizing the relationship between letters and phonemes to identify printed words then read and spell them, and (4) understand what is read (Good III, Simmons Smith, 1998). To do this, the teacher should first tell the students that they will be studying a new sound. The teacher should then demonstrate how the new sound is enunciated. The enunciation of the sound to be taught should then be mimicked by the students to establish that the students become fully familiar of the sound. This should be done repeatedly until all the students follow through with the sound enunciation and pronunciation. After the sound has been mimicked and has become familiar by the students, the teacher should then show a visual of the letters comprising the sound. This would make the students identify the sound as a grapheme-phoneme for this specific sound does not consist of a single alphabet but a group of it. To fully make the students understand that there are more than one letter that constitutes this certain sound, the teacher should have some of the students assist in holding separate visuals to make the students aware that the symbols are more than just one. After establishing to the students the information that there is more than just one alphabet that makes up the sound taught, the teacher could further make the students understand on their own that the alphabets being presented are separate by having them enunciate the sound of each letter individually. However, the teacher should have the students know that despite of the individual sounds these separate letters make; it still creates a new sound when combined. Since the students are familiarized with the letter composition of the sound, the teacher should then make the students understand that these sounds are used in words. To do this, the teacher should make use of words that comprises these grapheme-phonemes. He/she could utilize different materials that would help the students identify a word that contains this sound. And ultimately, the students should then become familiar with the word, enunciate it correctly, and understand the word completely. References Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Good III, R. H. Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) with CBM. Early Childhood Research Institute on Measuring Growth and Development. Eugene, OR. The National Strategies, Department for Children, Schools and Families (Producer) Phase 3: Teaching grapheme–phoneme correspondence and practising oral blending. Retrieved from http://nationalstrategies. standards. dcsf. gov. uk/node/85419 February 17, 2009. Wren, S. Phoneme Awareness. Developing Research-Based Resources for the Balanced Reading Teacher. Retrieved from http://www. balancedreading. com/phonemeawareness. html February 17, 2008 How to cite Blending and Sounding, Papers